Foreword

Introduction

1Scope

2Normative references

3Terms and definitions

3.1Treated wastewater (TWW)

3.2Filtration

4TWW quality monitoring for micro-irrigation

4.1General

4.2TWW quality monitoring devices

4.2.1Flushing counter for automated filters

4.2.2pH level sensor

4.2.3Clogging capacity meter

4.2.4Chlorine demand sensor

4.3TWW quality monitoring procedure

5TWW reservoirs

5.1General

5.2TWW reservoir safety

5.3TWW reservoir design

5.4Type of TWW stored in the reservoir

5.5Quality of TWW stored in the reservoir

5.6Reservoir processes affecting TWW quality and derived reservoir operation

5.7Reservoir engineering data and design

5.8Biological treatment in reservoirs

6Filtration systems

6.1General

6.2Filtration battery manifold structure

6.3Filtration technology — Filtration media

6.4Flow/filter area ratio

6.5Filtration stations location in accordance with flow direction

6.6Filtration grade

6.7Manual filter cleaning

7Pumping stations

7.1General

7.1.1Bottom pumping chamber

7.1.2Floating suction head

7.2Reservoir stratification prevention

8Adaptation of emitters to TWW

8.1General

8.2Emitters classification

8.3Drippers

8.3.1General

8.3.2On-surface dripper and sub-surface dripper

8.4Durability and longevity of dripper

8.5Functional features of the dripper

8.5.1General

8.5.2Functional features

8.5.2.1Water inlet of the dripper

8.5.2.2Labyrinth flow path

8.5.2.3Water outlet of the dripper

8.5.2.4Dripper's sensitivity to changes in discharge

8.6Sprinkler/centre pivot/frontal pivot

8.6.1General

8.6.2Overhead sprinkler

8.6.3Mini sprinklers

8.6.4Micro sprinklers and sprayers

8.6.4.1Discharge range

8.6.4.2Water distribution

8.6.4.3Drop suspension

8.6.5Center pivot sprinklers/sprayers

9Design parameters for TWW irrigation

9.1General

9.2Design parameters for TWW irrigation systems (drippers, sprinkler irrigation machines)

10Physical treatment

10.1General

10.2Flushing mains, sub-mains and tubes

10.3Collector pipes

11Chemical treatment

Annex ADefinition of TWW quality and treatment recommendations for micro-sprinkler irrigation or drip irrigation (informative)

Annex BTWW quality parameters and test methods (informative)

Annex CpH effect on Chlorine concentration (informative)

Annex DClogging capacity meter (informative)

D.1General

D.2Gauge structure

D.3Operating instructions

D.4Troubleshooting

Annex ESprinklers spacing according to wind conditions (informative)

Annex FWater stratification in reservoirs (informative)

F.1Epilimnion

F.2Metalimnion (Thermocline)

F.3Hypolimnion

F.4Significance of stratification

F.5Layers mixing

Annex GReservoir inspection and maintenance specification (informative)

G.1Inspection times

G.2Inspection specification

G.2.1Spring inspection

G.2.2Fall inspection

Annex HChemical treatments in a reservoir (informative)

Annex IApplication of filtration systems to protect drip irrigation systems and spraying systems using TWW: the Israeli experience (informative)

I.1General

I.2Filters and filtration degrees

I.3Screen filter

I.4Disc filter

I.5Gravel filter (depth filtration)

Bibliography