Foreword
Introduction
Scope
Normative references
Terms and definitions
Abbreviated terms
Overview
Structure of this document
Generic concepts associated with remediation
Good practice for carrying out a strategies appraisal prior to implementing remediation strategy
General
Identifying feasible remediation strategies
Detailed evaluation of strategies appraisal
Selecting the final remediation strategy
Generic recommendations for the selection of remediation techniques
General
Considering the site’s context
Remediation set up on-site
Techniques prerequistes
Techniques collateral effects
Laboratory testing and pilot tests
Generic recommendations for managing hazards and risks during remediation
General
Risk management process
General
Hazards and controls associated with contaminated soil and groundwater
Asbestos
Dust
Offensive or noxious odours
Contaminated waste
Remediation equipment
Unexpected finds
Long-term monitoring
Outdoor work
Remote or isolated working
Underground services and pipelines
Ground stability
Excavations
Unexploded ordnance (UXO)
Confined space
Hazardous chemicals and dangerous goods
Hazardous manual tasks
Slips, trips and falls
Plant and equipment
Noise
Remediation techniques description
In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO)
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
In situ chemical reduction (ISCR)
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques that can be combined with the technique
Enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB)
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Description of technology
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Monitored natural attenuation (MNA)
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Description of technology
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Incineration
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
In situ thermal remediation (ISTR)
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Description of technology
Design consideration and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limits
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
On-site thermal desorption
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limits
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Soil vapour extraction (SVE)
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design and dimensioning considerations
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limits
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Air-sparging
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limits
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Multi-phase extraction (MPE)
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Dual pump liquid extraction (DPLE)
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Hydraulic techniques for groundwater remediation
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Soil washing
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design and dimensioning considerations
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Biopiling
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Advantages and limitations
Key monitoring parameters
Specific EHS aspect
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Landfarming
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Vertical barrier technologies (VBT)
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Cover systems
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Avantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) systems
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limits
Specific EHS aspects
Possible combination with other techniques and technique variations
Immobilisation techniques for soil and solid materials
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Technology description
Design and dimensioning considerations
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Excavation
Technique principle
Scope and applicability of the technique (operating window)
Description of technology
Design considerations and dimensioning
Key monitoring parameters
Advantages and limitations
Specific EHS aspects
Other techniques or containment approaches that can be combined with the technique
Off-gas treatment technologies and wastewater treatment technologies
General
Carbon adsorption
Off-gas treatment technologies
Catalytic oxidation (electric/gas-fired thermal catalytic oxidation)
Biofilters
Wastewater treatment technologies
Free product recovery
Coagulation/flotation
Chemical-precipitation
Neutralisation (pH)
Air-stripping
Water filters
Chemical oxidation
Ion exchange
Reverse osmosis - ultrafiltration techniques
Biodegradation: rotating biocontactors
Biodegradation: polishing in sand and gravel filters
Evaporation
Remediation techniques, characteristics and conditions of implementation (informative)
Remediation techniques suitability for contaminants (informative)
Examples of illustrative diagrams of remediation techniques (informative)
Bibliography