Foreword

Introduction

1Scope

2Normative references

3Terms and definitions

4General requirements and recommendations

4.1Selection of test methods

4.1.1Laboratory and off-site testing

4.1.2On‑site testing

4.1.3Online testing

4.2Cost analysis

5Test unit design parameters

5.1General

5.2Construction materials

5.2.1Cooling towers

5.2.2Film fill

5.2.3Non‑heat‑transfer metal surfaces

5.2.4Heat exchangers

5.3Measuring instrument

5.4Other simulation devices

6Operating parameters

6.1General

6.2Surface temperature

6.3Water velocity

6.4Residence time

7Water quality and contamination

7.1General

7.2Natural versus synthetic water supplies

7.3Water from different sources

7.3.1Fresh water

7.3.2Seawater and brackish water

7.3.3Recycle/reuse water

7.3.4Dual and combined make‑up systems

7.4Contamination

7.4.1General

7.4.2Process leaks

7.4.3Biological matter

7.4.4Airborne solids and gases

8Parameters to be evaluated in pilot test units

8.1Corrosion

8.1.1General

8.1.2Criteria for corrosion evaluations

8.1.3Types of corrosion damage

8.1.4Microbiologically influenced corrosion

8.1.5Methods for evaluating corrosion in pilot‑scale test units

8.1.5.1Heat‑transfer specimens

8.1.5.2Corrosion coupons

8.1.5.3Online measurements of general corrosion

8.2Fouling

8.2.1General comment

8.2.2Types of water‑side fouling

8.2.3Pilot‑scale methods for evaluating fouling (see also ISO 16784‑2)

8.2.3.1Heat-transfer methods

8.2.3.2Non-heat-transfer methods

8.3Water treatment additives

8.3.1Combination testing

8.3.2Compatibility of additives

9Design of pilot‑scale performance testing facilities

9.1Objectives

9.2The importance of simulating specific process and application environments

9.3Compromises in pilot‑scale performance testing

9.3.1Heat source, heat duty and temperature

9.3.1.1Heat source

9.3.1.2Heat duty

9.3.1.3Test geometry

9.3.1.4Temperature profile

9.3.1.5Statistical analyses

9.3.1.6Protocol and report

9.3.2Water chemistry

9.3.2.1On‑site versus off‑site water

9.3.2.2Microbiological effects

9.3.2.3Product dosages — The effects of surface/volume ratio

9.3.2.4Test duration

9.3.2.5Overall design considerations

10Pilot‑scale facility operations

10.1Documentation of design

10.1.1General comments

10.1.2Equipment

10.1.3Water treatment

10.2Repeatability of results and comparison with field performance

10.3Record‑keeping and reports

Annex ASelection of circulating cooling water treatment method (informative)

Bibliography